This article presents a comprehensive and in-depth study of the methodological and mathematical legacy of Myrzhakyp Dulatov, a prominent educator, writer, and public figure of the early 20th century. The authors not only analyzed the publication history of the "Esep Quraly" textbooks but also explored their structural features, content, methodological principles, and pedagogical value for the Kazakh school. The study included a comparative analysis of two versions of the textbook, published between 1914 and 1928, identifying significant differences related to the construction of a concentric system, the consistent presentation of elements of arithmetic, geometry, and elementary algebra, and consideration of the specific features of the Kazakh language system, particularly in the area of ​​numerals. The article identifies Dulatov's contribution to the development of national mathematical terminology, the expansion of opportunities for teaching mathematics in the native language, and the development of teaching methods in the context of the development of the Kazakh school. The study results showed that M. Dulatov's textbooks played a significant role in the development of mathematics education in Kazakhstan, becoming the foundation of the national methodological school, while remaining relevant for modern teaching practices focused on the cultural and linguistic characteristics of students.