Today’s education utilizes increasingly advanced approaches to the use of technology in the learning process, such as virtual reality. Educational games and game-based learning are considered as one of the ways to foster computational thinking in students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a game-based virtual environment we developed called Kzcodevr on programming skills and computational thinking of undergraduate students. They worked with the application through personal computers to perform programming exercises, including object-oriented programming, algorithm design, and problem-solving. A total of 56 programming students took part in the study, 28 of whom used Kzcodevr for 12 weeks, while the control group had a standard curriculum. Before and after the experiment, participants completed two standardized tests to measure programming skills and computational thinking. The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher scores on both tests compared to the control group. This suggests that the use of educational virtual environments can improve students’ programming skills and computational thinking. The results of the interviews indicate that students were quite satisfied with Kzcodevr.